It’s a well-established and unfortunate fact that ADHD and cigarette smoking are often associated. There may be many plausible explanations for this overlap including a combination of biological and psychosocial factors. In this blog, we’ll explore the many potential explanations and consequences of ADHD and nicotine dependence.
First, I’ll summarize the key findings from the article “ADHD and Smoking: From Genes to Brain to Behavior” by McClernon and Kollins.
There’s a high co-morbidity meaning that ADHD and smoking occur together more frequently than could be explained by chance.
That’s why individuals with ADHD are at a higher risk of starting smoking.
Including, maintaining the habit and having difficulty quitting, even though they know how bad it’s for their health.
There are common genetic factors, indicating that genes that regulate dopaminergic neurotransmission involve dopamine in both ADHD and nicotine dependence.
In addition, given that nicotine modulate attention this may indicate that self-medication for ADHD symptoms is also a pathway from ADHD to smoking.
The impulsivity of ADHD influences behaviors related to smoking.
That could be sensation seeking (initiation), reinforcing (maintenance) and craving (relapse).
Also, not specifically addressed in this article however, are the social influences of ADHD. Because of the academic failure associated with ADHD, adolescents with ADHD might be exposed to social situations where smoking (and other drugs) is more frequently used. And given the social struggles they may be more susceptible to peer pressure.
Understanding the underpinnings of how ADHD and smoking are associated will inform the prevention and treatment strategies we use.
Or in other words, targeting smoking cessation for the ADHD brain will have to be tailored to its specific challenges.
Firstly, the reinforcing effects of nicotine make it highly addictive and individuals with ADHD are at risk for developing dependence. This makes it harder for them to quit smoking.
It should not come as a surprise to anyone today, that smoking comes with great health risks. Including respiratory illnesses, cardiovascular and respiratory diseases, cancer and dementia.
This is why identifying and properly treating ADHD may be one of the most powerful efforts in prevention.
Aiming to reduce smoking initiation and support cessation efforts.
Are you considering quitting?
You’ll find our best life hacks for quitting smoking in MindHub in the Letterlife app!
References:
McClernon FJ, Kollins SH. ADHD and smoking: from genes to brain to behavior. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2008 Oct;1141:131-47. doi: 10.1196/annals.1441.016. PMID: 18991955; PMCID: PMC2758663.
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